In order to choose an efficient breeding procedure, it is necessary to have knowledge of the genetic system controlling agronomically important traits. Common bean is one of the major legumes containing large amount of proteins and other valuable nutrients. The aim of this study was to determine genetic parameters for yield and yield components, using six GENERATIONs (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1, and BC2) derived from DERAKHSHAN×AND1007 and GOLI×D81083 crosses of common bean. A field experiment for these six GENERATIONs was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The measurements included seed yield, pod weight, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, seed number per plant, and 100 seed weight. GENERATION MEAN ANALYSIS with three-parameter genetic model showed inadequacy of additive-dominance simple model to illustrate the genetic mechanism of the evaluated traits. Significant differences for two or more individual scaling tests (A, B, C, and D) in both crosses were recorded. Hayman six parameters genetic model suggested that both dominance and epistasis effects were important for most of the evaluated traits. Furthermore, expression of some traits in both crosses was affected by additive gene effects. Broad sense heritability was high for all traits except 100 SW in DER×A1007 cross. Estimation of narrow sense heritability range was moderate for most traits. For SY and traits where portion of non-additive gene effect was higher, it is possible to exploit heterosis using the plant materials in this study.

This experiment was conducted to determine gene action for different traits of chickpea including days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, 100-seeds weight, number of pods per plant and seed yield. Five genotypes including Arman, Hashem, ILC588, ICCV2 and ILC3279 were selected and crossed with each other. Four GENERATIONs of each cross along with parents were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In each replication 15 plants for P1, P2 and F1, 30 plants for BC1 and BC2, and 60 plants for F2 were evaluated for all traits. Joint scaling test and chi-square test were used to estimate the gene action. The Chi-square of simple three parametric models was significant for all traits except for plant height, indicating the presence of non allelic-interactions in the inheritance of these traits in chickpea. Both additive and dominant genetic effects were significant for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of pods per plant and seed yield. In addition, presence of high amount of dominant effect and dominant × dominant interactions suggests the importance of non-additive genetic effects for these traits in chickpea. Therefore, selection for these traits in early GENERATIONs could not be effectively successful. However, additive genetic effects play an important role in the inheritance of plant height and 100-seed weight, promising selection for these traits in early GENERATIONs during the process of chickpea breeding.

GENERATION MEAN ANALYSIS with joint scaling test was performed to determine the type of gene action. GENERATIONs of F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 were derived from crosses between Shiraz (drought susceptibility) cultivar with Ws-82-14 line (drought tolerance) and Shiraz cultivar with Shole (drought tolerance) along with their parents were sown in a randomized complete block design with three replications under stress and non-stress moisture conditions. Traits evaluated in this experiment included plant height, peduncle length, spike length, number of grains per spike, grain yield per plant, 1000- seed weight, flowering date and plant weight. Genetic parameters including MEAN (m), gene effects additive (d), dominance (h), epistasis effects additive × additive [i], additive× dominance [j], and dominance× dominance [l] were evaluated for different traits. The dominant gene effect was found the most important genetic effect in controlling many traits evaluated. In addition the additive × additive [i] epistasis was more important than dominant × dominant [l] epistasis. The average of broad sense and narrow sense heritabilities were obtained for grain yield in Ws-82-14×Shiraz cross in normal condition, 78% and 44%, in stress condition, 69% and 57%, while in Shole × Shiraz cross in normal condition were 52% and 29%, and in stress condition, 78% and 56%, respectively. The average degree of dominance ÖH/D in most of the traits was larger than 1which indicated the importance of dominance and it was in agreement with the low value of narrow sense heritability. Transgressive segregation for the whole traits showed that these crosses can result into recombinant progenies for drought tolerance.

In order to estimate heritability and gene action for grain yield and its related traits in lentil, six basic GENERATIONs were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in a field experiment. Besides seed yield per plant, plant height, pod length, and 100-seed weight, the number of pods per plant, primary branches, clusters per plant, nodes per main stem, secondary branches, and the number of seeds per pod were recorded. GENERATION MEAN ANALYSIS using A, B, C and joint scaling tests indicated that additive [a], dominance [d] and at least one of the epistatic effect (additive×additive [aa], additive×dominance [ad] and dominance×dominance [dd]) were involved in the inheritance of the studied traits. However, simple additive-dominance model was sufficient only for pod length. Significant dominance [d] and dominance×dominance [dd] interactions with opposite sign indicated duplicate epistasis for all traits except pod length. Narrow-sense heritability was low for seed yield per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod and 100-seed weight and moderate for other traits. Average dominance ratio was more than unity for seed yield per plant, number of primary and secondary branches, pod length, and 100-seed weight, which showed the high importance of dominance gene effect in control of these traits. Due to the presence of greater non-additive gene effects combined with low narrow-sense heritability, selection for almost all of the studied traits in this cross, especially in early GENERATIONs, would be complex in conventional methods.

This research was carried out to find genetic markers linked to drought tolerance in a barley doubled haploid population. In two separate experiments, 158 doubled haploid lines together with their drought tolerant parents (Wi2291 and Tadmor) were evaluated in Tel Hadya and Breda (syria) with 100 millimeter difference in rainfall. They were planted in each environment using an alpha-lattice design with two replications. Linkage map was constructed using 50 SSR and 93 AFLP markers that included 8 linkage groups for the seven chromosomes. QTL ANALYSIS was performed using composite interval mapping. Number of QTLs, their genomic location and additive effects were identified between 0.5 and 2.5 gram in Tel Hadya and Breda, respectively. Seven QTLs were determined for grain yield, one of them was common in two environments, and two separate QTLs in MEAN of environments in each environment. Susceptible stress index (SSI) had three QTLs which two in controlling common in controlling grain yield. Bmag13 marker, which is located on third chromosome, had simultaneous linkage with QTLs which control 1000KW, grain yield.

In order to evaluate heritability and gene action for some of the important quantitative traits in barley, two cultivars, Afzal and Radical were crossed with each other. Parents with F1,F2 and F3 GENERATIONs were planted in a randomized complete block design three replications. Plant height, head length, number of tiller, 1000 grain weight, number of heads , number of spikelets, and biological as well as grain yield were recorded. The results obtained from ANALYSIS of variance indicated that MEAN squares in GENERATIONs were statistically significant for all traits. The generetion MEAN ANALYSIS was performed for all traits. The results showed that although, additive, dominance and effects of epistasis were important for all traits but the dominance gene effects of were the most important for inheritance of all traits. Average broadsense heritabilities were between 55% and 89% for all traits. The approximate number of genes were estimated to be between two and five.

Background and Objectives: Gynociouce hybrids have the advantage of high yield,therefore, gynocioucy should always be considered in the production of cucumber hybrid cultivars. There are at least five genes that affect the expression of gynocioucy in cucumber. In order to improve cucumber for production new cultivars with higher yield and better quality, using of genetic diversity and cucumber germplasm is extremely essential. Knowing the importance and extent of controller genetic effects the inheritance of traits can lead to the selection of appropriate corrective methods. Therefore, the present study took with this goal how inheritance of the gynoeciouce trait and, to investigate the effects of controller genes on this trait and, other performance components in crossing between a commercial hybrid and a selected line. Finally a proper amendatory plan is adopted. Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate genetic and determinate heritability of gynoecioucy in cucumber seven GENERATION including P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1, BC2 and F3 from a cross between two gynoeciouce (N10) and androciouce (A11) cucumber lines were supplied. Number of female and, male flowers, number of fruits per plant, length of plant and length of internode were evaluated in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Cause on create populations, experiments were carried out in the spring and autumn of 2017 to 2018 in three stages in the greenhouse of the college of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan and population assessment was performed in 2019 in the research farm of the faculty of agricultural sciences, university of Guilan. First year, in order to produce hybrid seeds, a cross was made between gynoeciouce N10 and androeciouce A11 lines. After producing and cultivating hybrid seeds in the second stage, self-pollination and hybrid cross-breeding with parents were carried out and F2 populations and backcrosses were created. In the second year, samples of second-GENERATION seeds were planted in greenhouses for creating self-pollination and third-GENERATION populations. In the greenhouse, hydroponic cultivation system was used and fertilization and irrigation of plants were done at regular intervals. In the field plant were cultivated using drip irrigation system and, cover mulch and all necessary agricultural care were done. Data normality was tested by SPSS software and data ANALYSIS was performed by SAS software. GENERATION MEAN comparison was also performed using LSD test at 5% and 1% probability levels. Results: About the gynoecioucy there was a significant difference among case study GENERATIONs. Examination of scale tests for this trait also showed that there are allele interactions among the genes controlling this trait. Examination of genetical parameter and scale tests showed that for all of study traits there are epistasis effects. The results showed about number of female flowers all of the genetic parameters was significant and for number of male flowers, number of fruit per plant and length of internode traits all of the genetic parameters was significant except dominance-dominance epistasis, whereas for length of plant trait all of the genetic parameters was significant except additive-additive epistasis. Discussion: Evaluation of narrow sense heritability and dominance degree showed that additive variance was more important in genetically controlling of number of female flower and number of fruits per plant. Therefore superior genotypes can be improved by selecting in the study population.

This research was conducted to study the resistance inheritance of common bean to BCMNV virus. The Cross used in the experiment was between cultivars Goli (the resistant parent) and Derakhshan (the sensitive parent). Six GENERATION seed obtain from Khomain bean national station and as randomized complete block design with four replications, planting and inoculate in plastic pot. Evaluation of plants performed with Elisa test and IC-RT-PCR 21 day after planting, and by observation at 45 day after planting. Resistance inheritance study with use of GENERATION MEAN ANALYSIS, indicate that additive and dominant component have important role in control of infection rate. And simple model of additive-dominant can explain for genetic changes. Also determined that, for all traits under study, traits reduce genes are dominant and also this traits controlling genes with according to symptom and largeness are at different place. MEANs of broad-sense and narrow-sense heritability account 74 and 54 percent respectively. Thus selection for highest resistance can be effective. Accounting of effective factors number (genes) indicate that a great effect gene have role to genetic resistance control (probably I gene) and seem one or some small effect gene assistant to I gene for resistance induction.

Genetic ANALYSIS of yield-related traits in bread wheat was carried out by crossing the drought sensitive cultivar Gusspard with two tolerant cultivars, BCW and Sardari. F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 progenies along with their parents were planted in randomized complete block design with three replications. Morphological traits such as flowering data, maturity data, spike weight, number of fertile spikes, peduncle length, 1000 seed weight, harvest index, were recorded. Results of weighted ANALYSIS of variance showed significant GENERATION MEANs squares for all traits. Therefore, ANALYSIS of GENERATION MEANs were examined using mutual scale test, which is performed in all GENERATIONs simultaneously for each trait. In addition to additive and dominance effects, epistasis effect also played role in controlling the inheritance of all traits. MEAN broad sence heritability for studied traits varied within the range of 0.44 and 0.89 Number of genes for the all traits was estimated to be approximately 1 to 3.